Cheyenne & Arapaho Tribes: History, Culture & Today

The Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes of Oklahoma represent a significant part of American history, resilience, and cultural heritage. These two distinct tribes, now united, share a complex past marked by treaties, conflicts, and adaptation. Understanding their story provides valuable insights into the broader narrative of Native American history in the United States. This article explores the history, culture, governance, and contemporary issues facing the Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes of Oklahoma.

History of the Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes

Early History and Origins

The Cheyenne and Arapaho began as separate and distinct groups with unique origins and languages. The Cheyenne, originally an agrarian people living near the Great Lakes, gradually migrated westward. They adopted a nomadic lifestyle centered on buffalo hunting as they moved onto the Great Plains. The Arapaho, closely related to the Cheyenne, also migrated to the Plains, developing a similar culture and way of life. Their paths crossed frequently, leading to alliances and shared experiences. These tribes were among the most formidable on the plains, known for their equestrian skills and strategic prowess.

19th-Century Conflicts and Treaties

The 19th century brought significant challenges for both the Cheyenne and Arapaho, including escalating conflicts with the U.S. government and encroaching settlers. The discovery of gold and other resources in their territories led to increased pressure and violated treaties. Key events during this period include:

• Sand Creek Massacre (1864): One of the most horrific events in their history, the Sand Creek Massacre involved the unprovoked attack by U.S. soldiers on a peaceful Cheyenne and Arapaho village, resulting in the death of hundreds of unarmed men, women, and children. This event remains a symbol of the injustices suffered by Native Americans.
• Treaty of Medicine Lodge (1867): This treaty aimed to establish reservations for the Cheyenne and Arapaho in Indian Territory (present-day Oklahoma). However, the treaty's terms were often violated by the U.S. government, leading to further conflict and displacement.
• Battle of Washita River (1868): General George Armstrong Custer led an attack on a Cheyenne village along the Washita River, resulting in the deaths of many Cheyenne, including women and children. This battle further strained relations between the tribes and the U.S. government.

Forced Relocation to Oklahoma

In the late 19th century, the U.S. government forced the Cheyenne and Arapaho onto reservations in Oklahoma as part of its broader policy of Indian removal. This relocation disrupted their traditional way of life and had a profound impact on their culture and society. Despite these hardships, the tribes persevered, working to maintain their cultural identity and rebuild their communities.

Culture and Traditions

Social Structure and Customs

The social structure of the Cheyenne and Arapaho was traditionally based on kinship, with extended families and clans playing a central role. Their societies were egalitarian, with leadership based on consensus and respect. Traditional customs and ceremonies were integral to their way of life, including:

• Sun Dance: A sacred ceremony performed by both the Cheyenne and Arapaho, the Sun Dance involves prayer, fasting, and dancing to renew the world and seek blessings.
• Sweat Lodge: Used for purification and spiritual renewal, the sweat lodge is a crucial part of their ceremonial practices.
• Storytelling: Oral traditions were vital for passing down history, legends, and moral teachings. Stories often featured animals, spirits, and cultural heroes.

Language and Arts

The Cheyenne and Arapaho languages are distinct, belonging to the Algonquian language family. Efforts are underway to preserve and revitalize these languages, which are considered endangered. Traditional arts, such as beadwork, quillwork, and hide painting, continue to be practiced, reflecting the tribes' rich cultural heritage. These art forms are not only aesthetically pleasing but also carry deep symbolic meanings.

Spiritual Beliefs

Traditional Cheyenne and Arapaho spirituality centers on a deep connection to the natural world and a belief in a supreme being. They recognize the interconnectedness of all living things and emphasize the importance of living in harmony with nature. Spiritual leaders and elders play a crucial role in guiding the community and preserving traditional beliefs.

Governance and Sovereignty

Tribal Government Structure

The Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes of Oklahoma operate under a constitution established in 2006. The tribal government consists of a legislature, an executive branch, and a judicial branch. The legislature, known as the Tribal Council, is responsible for making laws and policies. The executive branch, led by the Governor, oversees the administration of tribal programs and services. The judicial branch interprets tribal laws and resolves disputes.

Economic Development

The Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes of Oklahoma have made significant strides in economic development in recent years. Tribal enterprises include gaming casinos, convenience stores, and other businesses that generate revenue for the tribe. These economic activities support essential programs and services, such as education, healthcare, and housing.

Sovereignty and Self-Determination

The Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes of Oklahoma exercise their sovereignty through their government and their right to self-determination. They work to protect their treaty rights, preserve their culture, and promote the well-being of their members. Sovereignty allows the tribes to govern themselves, make decisions about their future, and maintain their unique cultural identity.

Contemporary Issues

Education and Healthcare

Education and healthcare are top priorities for the Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes of Oklahoma. The tribe operates schools and educational programs to promote academic achievement and cultural awareness. Healthcare services are provided through tribal health clinics and partnerships with other healthcare providers. Addressing health disparities and improving access to quality education are ongoing challenges.

Cultural Preservation

Preserving and promoting Cheyenne and Arapaho culture is essential for future generations. The tribe supports language revitalization programs, cultural events, and museums to ensure that their traditions and history are passed down. Elders play a vital role in teaching younger generations about their heritage and values.

Social Challenges

Like many Native American tribes, the Cheyenne and Arapaho face various social challenges, including poverty, unemployment, and substance abuse. The tribe is working to address these issues through community-based programs and partnerships with other organizations. Providing support and resources to tribal members is crucial for building a stronger and healthier community.

Conclusion

The Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes of Oklahoma have a rich and complex history marked by resilience, adaptation, and cultural pride. Despite facing numerous challenges, they have persevered and continue to thrive as sovereign nations. Understanding their story provides valuable insights into the broader narrative of Native American history and the ongoing struggle for justice and self-determination. By preserving their culture, promoting economic development, and exercising their sovereignty, the Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes of Oklahoma are building a brighter future for their members and contributing to the diversity and richness of American society. Their journey is a testament to the strength and endurance of the human spirit. Guys, it is important to remember and honor the history and contributions of these remarkable tribes.